Cancer stem cell: Implications in cancer biology and therapy with special reference to lung cancer

Abstract 

The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory is currently central to the field of cancer research, because it is not only a matter of academic interest but also crucial in cancer therapy. CSCs share a variety of biological properties with normal somatic stem cells in terms of self-renewal, the propagation of differentiated progeny, the expression of specific cell markers and stem cell genes, and the utilization of common signaling pathways and the stem cell niche. However, CSCs differ from normal stem cells in their tumorigenic activity. Thus, CSCs are also termed cancer initiating cells. In this paper, we briefly review hitherto described study results and refer to some excellent review articles to understand the basic properties of CSCs. In addition, we focus upon CSCs of lung cancers, since lung cancer is still increasing in incidence worldwide and remains the leading cause of cancer deaths. Understanding the properties of, and exploring cell markers and signaling pathways specific to, CSCs of lung cancers, will lead to progress in therapy, intervention, and improvement of the prognosis of patients with lung cancer. In the near future, the evaluation of CSCs may be a routine part of practical diagnostic pathology.

Keywords: Cancer stem cell, Cell marker, Signaling pathway, Stem cell niche, Lung cancer, Therapy, Clinicopathological application

Abbreviations: CSC, cancer stem cell, CIC, cancer initiating cell, SP, side population, FACS, fluorescence activating cell sorting, UV, ultraviolet, ALDH, aldehyde dehydrogenase, BMP, bone morphogenetic protein, Shh, Sonic hedgehog, SCLC, small cell lung cancer, NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer, Bmi1, B cell-specific Mo-MuLV integration site 1, PODXL-1, podocalyxin-like protein 1, ASCL1, achaete-scute complex homolog 1, uPAR, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor