Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have evaluated the potential association between coffee consumption
and lung cancer risk. However, results were inconsistent. To clarify the role of coffee
in lung cancer, we conducted a meta-analysis on this topic. We searched PubMed and
EMBASE databases (from 1966 to January 2009) and the reference lists of retrieved
articles. Study-specific risk estimates were pooled using random-effects model. Five
prospective studies and 8 case–control studies involving 5347 lung cancer cases and
104,911 non-cases were included in this meta-analysis. The combined results indicated
a significant positive association between highest coffee intake and lung cancer [relative
risk (RR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.54). Furthermore, an increase in coffee consumption of 2 cups/day was associated
with a 14% increased risk of developing lung cancer (RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04–1.26). In stratified analyses, the highest coffee consumption was significantly
associated with increased risk of lung cancer in prospective studies, studies conducted
in America and Japan, but borderline significantly associated with decreased risk
of lung cancer in non-smokers. In addition, decaffeinated coffee drinking was associated
with decreased lung cancer risk, although the number of studies on this topic was
relative small. In conclusion, results from this meta-analysis indicate that high
or an increased consumption of coffee may increase the risk of lung cancer. Because
the residual confounding effects of smoking or other factors may still exist, these
results should be interpreted with caution.
Keywords
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Article Info
Publication History
Published online: April 13, 2009
Accepted:
March 11,
2009
Received in revised form:
March 8,
2009
Received:
January 7,
2009
Identification
Copyright
© 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
